sense from the audile-tactile. This involves the modern reader in 
total translation of sight into sound as he looks  at the page. 
Recall of material read by the eye then is confused by the effort 
to recall it both visually and auditorially. People with “good 
memories” are the ones with “photographic memories.” That is, 
they do not translate back and forth from eye to ear and do 
not have things “on the tip of the tongue,” which is our state 
when we do not know whether to see or hear a past experience.

     Before turning to the oral and auditory world of the Middle 
Ages in its erudite and artistic aspects, there are two 
passages, one from the earliest and one from the latest phases 
of the medieval world that indicate the ordinary assumption 
that the act of reading was oral and even dramatic.

     The first passage is from The Rule of Saint Benedict ,